Centre for Epidemiological Studies -Depression scale (CES-D 8)

The CES-D is an eight-item scale which asks parents about their experience of

depressive symptoms, such as feeling sad or lonely, in the past week. As noted, using

it with Cohort 24 at 3 years would provide consistency with all previous waves of

Growing Up in Ireland.

WHO Well-being Index (WHO, 2024)